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<font face="dynalight" size="+4" color="#333333" style="line-height:.15" ><strong>Research</strong></font></div> <hr width="100%" style="line-height:.15"/>


<p align="left"><strong>Effects from Scuba Diving on the Coral Reef</strong></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height:.5"> <strong>MBIO 3750-Coral Reefs </strong></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height:.5"> <strong>Claudia Patino Tarlow</strong></p>
<p align="left" style="line-height:.5"> <strong>November 15, 2006</strong></p>
<strong>            </strong>Diving on<strong> </strong>coral reefs is spectacular and is an increasing element of tourism in the tropics. Unfortunately, divers contribute to the destruction of this fragile resource that they have come to enjoy.

Researchers have recently reported negative impact caused by skin and scuba divers on corals reefs. In a study conducted at a dive resort located at the southern tip ofEgyptit was found that divers of all types have been trampling coral reefs (Hawkins &amp; Roberts, 1993). This damage is causing by fins, knees and equipment gauges. Many times divers can significantly damage coral reefs by kicking the fins hard. Coral are very fragile and easy to break.  Apart from contact with living substrates, fin kicks can re-suspend sediment, which then settles on whatever substrate is in the area, including corals (Internet 2). Divers by using their fins easily broke the coral fragments and killed the coral.

There are studies on recreational scuba divers that have been affecting coral reefs in the islandof Bonaire.  In 1991 when the reefs were facing rapidly increased numbers of divers (Hawkins, 1993).  Tourist divers that affected coral and other invertebrate communities regularly fed the fish in Bonaire. There are other impacts that affected the   corals in Bonaire, coral disease outbreaks and coral bleaching which have affected the principal massive coral species <em>Montastraea annularis</em> (Woodley, 1997). The problems that may have contributed to the changes in coral communities were much greater at dive sites than less-use areas.

In some marine parks, the activity of feeding fish has already been banned because of its affect on the coral reef communities (SabaMarineParkin Netherlands Antilles and Ras Mohammed Park inEgypt(Internet 1).

There was a big controversy about over feeding fish amongst the people ofBonaire. Fish feeding may possibly change the natural composition in the reef community, having a negative impact on some fish populations and strengthening other fish populations of more aggressive fish. This may have an affect on the corals and the other invertebrate communities (Pence, 1997).

Diving is indirectly a cause of serious loss to the massive coral covers and it may be considered to be a high risk impact to the coral ecology as a whole. One way of reducing damage is to educate divers. It is important that divers understand how important coral reefs are to our environment and that the coral reef provides more than beauty and dive attractions such as the life supporting properties they offer to fish, humans and land, coastal defense and medical and constructional elements they provide.         Places that have high dive tourism should have videos that show divers a better way to kick their fins. One study was done inSt Luciawhere divers were shown the difference of live reef cover and non-living substrate, such as rock and dead coral (Roberts, 2004). Divers were educated for 10 minutes about coral reefs and those who did not see the video were more likely to contact the reef and break the coral. To help moderate these impacts divers can get more education. These programs need to be actively managed more with stricter guidelines in place for divers and tighter supervision in the areas that have high dive tourism. They include underwater intervention from dive guides and companies to educate divers about their contact with the reef, teaching them by instructing them to keep fins and their equipment clear of the reef, and extra vigilance in prohibiting fish feeding in coral communities.
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<p align="left" style="line-height:.5"><strong>Literature Cited</strong></p>
ns, J.P., and C.M. Roberts. 1997. Estimating the carrying capacity of coral reefs from scuba diving. Pages 1923 – 1926 in proceeding of the eight international coral reef symposiums, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,Balboa,Panama.
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Hawkins, J.P., and C.M. Roberts, and S. white. 1993. Effects of recreational scuba diving     on aCaribbeancoral reef. Report.SabaMarinePark,Saba,NetherlandsAntilles.
&nbsp;

Roberts, L., Harriott, V.J., 1994. Recreational scuba diving and its potential for environmental impact in a marine reserve. In:Bellwood, O., Choat, H., Saxena, N. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology 1994.JamesCookUniversityof NorthQueensland,Townsville,Australia, pp. 695–704.
&nbsp;
Julie P. Hawkins, Callum M. Roberts.  2003. Effects of Recreational Scuba Diving on                   Coral Reefs: Trampling on Reef-Flat Communities. <em>Journal of Applied Ecology</em>, Vol. 30, No. 1 (1993), pp. 25-30
&nbsp;
Woodley, J. D., K. De Meyer, P. Bush, G. Ebanks-Petrie,J. Garzon-Ferreira, E. Klein, L.               P. J. J. Pors, and C. M. Wilson. 1997. Status of corals reefs in the south central            Caribbean. Pages 357-362, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,Balboa,Panama.
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Spalding, M.D (2004). <span style="text-decoration: underline;">A Guide to the Coral Reefs of the Caribbean.</span>University of California Press,Berkeley,USA.
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Internet 1:  <a href="http://www.ymcascuba.org/">http://www.ymcascuba.org/</a>
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Internet 2: <a href="http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/sensitive/coral.htm">http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/sensitive/coral.htm</a>
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Internet 3: <a href="http://www.coris.noaa.gov/">http://www.coris.noaa.gov/</a>
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<strong>Behavior of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle ( <em>Caretta caretta</em>)</strong>
<strong> </strong>
<p align="left" style="line-height:.5"> Biology II-BIOL 1510</p>
<p align="left" style="line-height:.5"> Claudia Patino Tarlow</p>
The Loggerhead sea turtle (<em>Caretta caretta</em>) is the most fascinating animals on earth because of the way they have adapted their bodies in order to survive life in harsh, saltwater environments. Loggerhead is a widespread marine animal living in tropic, subtropical and temperate oceans all over the world. The largest nesting site for these animals in the Atlantic Ocean, and probably the entire world, is the Southeastern United States (Perrine, D, 2003). This paper focused of the behavior for loggerheads such as courtship, mating and nesting.  I have the opportunity to work as a volunteer in the Sea turtle conservation program in Broward county Florida, where I have the opportunity to observed nesting season of the loggerhead and study the behavior.

There three species of sea turtles are protected here in Broward country. They are the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta carretta), the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), and the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) but the species most common inFloridais the loggerhead sea turtle.

Observers of the loggerhead sea turtle mating have reported very aggressive behavior by both the males and females (Internet 1). Females may mate with several males just prior to nesting season and store the sperm for several months (Internet 1).  This behavior helps to keep genetic diversity high in the population. Courtship and mating for most sea turtles are believed to occur during a limited "receptive" period prior to the female is first nesting emergence. Afterwards, only females come out to shore to nest; males never back to shore a list something happen to their natal wild. During mating season, males court a female by nuzzling her head or by biting the back of her neck and rear flippers. If the female does not flee, the male attaches himself to the back of the female's shell by gripping her top shell with claws in his front flippers. He then folds his long tail under her shell to copulate (Internet 2). This can produce to female a lot of pain and bleeding because of male hooked to their shells. Copulation can take place either on the surface or under water. Sometimes several males will compete for females and may even fight each other.

The nesting behavior of the loggerhead sea turtles is during summer that begins on March to June. Only females nest during the night, laying a clutch of 100 to 120 eggs. Most females nets at least twice during the nesting season. Moreover, sea turtles are generally slow on land, and nesting is exhausting work.  Sometimes it takes about 1-2 hours for a turtle to complete her nesting process, the females’ crawls out the ocean and carefully look for good open sand on leading edge. Sometimes she will make false crawls and it can happen because by artificial light affecting by a big condominiums near the beaches or present of people. To able distinguish the sea turtle species nesting each turtle has different behavior to mark the nest in the sand. Loggerhead track is 70 to 90 cm wide and very deep, with asymmetrically diagonal marks make by forelimbs, tail drag mark in the sand (Humann &amp; Deloach, 2002). After the nest is thoroughly covered, the female crawls back to the sea to rest before nesting again later that season or before beginning her migration back to her feeding ground. Once a female has left her nest, she never returns to look after it. The worlds’ largest nesting population is found on the beaches ofOman.  The second largest nesting group is found alongFlorida's East coast (FWC 2005).  Thanks for the voluntaries effort that happen in southFloridathis year.

The hatching behavior of loggerhead instinctually survived by their own conditionally behavior.  Incubation of the nest takes about 45 - 55 day but the temperature of the sand governs the speed at which the embryos develop sometimes they born days before where the hatching period is completed. Cooler sand has a tendency to produce more males, with warmer sand producing a higher ratio of females (Internet 2). One important volunteer work is digging out of the nest to help the hatchlings to survive from predators as raccoon and birds that come to shore to eat the incubations nest.  Hatchlings usually emerge from their nest at night or during a rainstorm when temperatures are cooler. Once they decide to burst out, they erupt from the nest cavity as a group.  Sometimes, you can see the little turtles orient by the natural ocean light   then dash toward the sea. The babies’ behavior is very scaring and confusing where they sometimes they follow artificial lights from tall condominiums where they get loss or     hatchlings will die of dehydration or the hatchlings will catch by predators like birds and crabs. Once in the water, they swim several miles off shore, where they are caught in currents and seaweed that may carry them for years before returning to near shore waters (Spotila, 2004).

There are many obstacles for hatchlings in the open ocean. Sharks, big fish and circling birds all eat baby turtles, or they die after accidentally trapping by plastic garbage. The obstacles are so numerous for baby turtles that only about one in 1,000 survives to adulthood (FWD 2005). During working with the hatchlings, I observed that was very controversial to see how many hatchlings survived here in the Broward county beaches. Many hatchlings were killed by the artificial lightings from building make them to take the wrong route where they went thought condominiums and they get loss or killing by cars in the street. More over only 80 percent survived here inFlorida(FWS, 2005).

The behavior of his animals depends of their natural ocean light where their fallow their destined to the oceans .Once reaching the water, the turtles undergo a 24-48 hour of continuous swimming. They struggle for the deeper water where they are less vulnerable and have been seen to dive straight down to avoid bird predation. The first year of the turtle’s life is called the "lost year" because we are not sure what they do or where they go (Internet 3). They believe that they ride the prevailing currents, situating themselves in the floating seaweed called drift lines, which are rich in food and provide hiding places for the juvenile turtles. They spend their first years in an oceanic existence before coming to coastal shores. If they can make it past the juvenile stage, they enjoy about an 80% or more survival rate. There is no known way to determine their age, though (Internet 2).

One of the behavior have been study from NOAA research is the have been study the daily activities of the sea turtles. This animals are very important for food web for animals that need the  of turtles arrange on feeding grounds or during migration , there is little behavior exchange among species from 13 phyla and 37 kinds algae live on the backs of loggerheads (Spotila, 2004) . During nesting season, research conducted loggerheads follow regular patterns between the nesting beach itself and offshore reefs and other rocky structure. They support a large array of plants and animals that attach to their shells and ride turtles the oceans with turtles.

There are many conservation efforts taking place to aid in the protection of these magical creatures here inFlorida. There are protection measures happening in different areas of the world, most notablyCosta Rica. One important sea turtle conservation site is Broward Country Sea Turtle conservation. The important goal of this organization is protect the nesting beaches by working day and night. By involving communities in the act of conservation, there has been a tremendous success. No longer are the eggs being poached by the people, but instead are being protected by them. There are many other conservation organizations and projects in place to save the last of the great sea turtles. If more people do not become aware and involved with the conservation efforts sea turtles could face the same fate as their distant reptilian friends, the dinosaurs.

<strong>Literature cited:</strong>
Humann, P., Deloach, N. (2002). <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Reef Fish Identification</span>

Publishing Company, New World publications, INC,Jacksonville,Florida.

Perrine, D. (2003). <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sea Turtles of the world (Worldlife discovery Guides) </span>

Publishing Company, Voyageur Press,Minnesota.

Spotila, J. (2004). <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sea Turtles: A complete guide to their biology, behavior, and   conservation   </span>Publishing Company, The Johns Hopkins University Press,Baltimore andLondon.

FloridaFish Wildlife Conservation Commission, Office of Environmental
&nbsp;
Services, Bureau of protected Species Management (information on conservation
&nbsp;
and management of sea turtles inFlorida)
&nbsp;
Internet 1. <a href="http://floridaconservation.org/psm/turtles/turtle.htm">http://floridaconservation.org/psm/turtles/turtle.htm</a>
&nbsp;
Broward County Florida-Biological Resources Division. (n.d.)

Sea turtle conservation program. Retrieved July 1, 2005, 2005 from

Intern 2. <a href="http://www.co.broward.fl.us/">http://www.co.broward.fl.us/</a>

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<p align="center" style="line-height:.5"> <strong>Sea Turtles nesting season:</strong></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height:.5"> <strong>Claudia Patino Tarlow</strong></p>
[caption id="attachment_147" align="alignnone" width="65"]<a href="http://www.paddlingwithclaudia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/babyturtle.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-147" title="babyturtle" alt="" src="http://www.paddlingwithclaudia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/babyturtle.jpg" width="65" height="100" /></a> Sea turtles[/caption]
Sea turtles are amongst the most fascinating animals on Earth because of the way they have adapted their bodies in order to survive life in harsh, saltwater environments. These various species of sea turtles are distinguishable by appearance, lifestyle and other unique characteristics. Sea turtles are marine reptiles that have existed since their giant land turtle ancestors returned to the sea sometime during the Age of Dinosaurs.    <a href="http://www.paddlingwithclaudia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/babyleatherback.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-149" title="Loggerhead" alt="" src="http://www.paddlingwithclaudia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/babyleatherback.jpg" width="132" height="79" /></a>

Three species of sea turtles are protected here in Broward country. They are the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta carretta), the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), and the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea).

The nesting season of these sea turtles  are  typically from March to July in the southern hemisphere and from October to February in the northern. Nesting season begins in Broward Country begins in early March to April and goes through September each year So that when the babies emerge, the rainy season is over and the sand is dry.

The species most common inFloridais the loggerhead sea turtle. The loggerhead is using the area from theSpaceCoastto the Gold Coast for nesting. This is the second most important nesting area in the world for loggerhead sea turtles (FWC 2005).  The loggerhead-nesting season begins March to June. The female only nests during the night, laying a clutch of 100 to 120 eggs. She has a remigration interval every 2 to 3 years.  The adults can weigh between 200 and 300 pounds and grow from 3 feet on average. (FWS, 2004) The loggerhead has the most widespread distribution of all modern day sea turtle species. They have been seen around the globe including tropical environments and on the edge of the coldest oceans on Earth. The loggerhead is a cold blooded reptile just like its ancestors, although it has a fat layer that adds insulation, thus they have the ability to swim in cooler waters and dive deeper than any other reptile. The loggerheads are known to dive 4000 feet and deeper, that is as deep as a whale (FWC 2005).

The second turtle found here in Broward country is the green turtle. Though this turtle is one of the endangered species around the world, it still nests in significant numbers on the east coast ofFlorida. The nesting period of this green turtle begins May to June. Like the loggerhead, the female also does her nesting during nighttime. The green turtle nesting interval is 10 to 14 days and the remigration interval every 3 to 5 years. The clutch size is 100 to 120 eggs.  The green turtles are easily distinguished from other sea turtles because they have a single pair of scales in front of their eyes rather than two pairs as the other sea turtles have. The green turtle is the largest of the Cheloniidae family. Female green turtles that nest inFloridaaverage more than three feet in carapace length, and average about 300 pounds in weight. The largest green turtle ever found was 5 feet in length and 871 pounds (FWC 2005).

The last turtle is the Leatherback. Leatherback turtles are also endangered but are occasionally known to nest inFloridaand theCaribbean. The nesting season begins early February to March and continues to September.  With very rare exceptions, the eggs are also deposited at night. The leatherback-nesting interval is 9 to 10 days with remigration intervals of 2 to 3 years. The clutch size is 80-100 eggs and it reaches 8 feet in length and weighs around 1500 pounds (FWC 2005). The only turtle without a true shell, this turtle has a layer of tough, leathery skin that takes the place of a hard shell. The black, marked carapace is divided by seven narrow ridges that run down the length of the back, and the plastron is often white. Leatherbacks have small jaws and feed entirely on jellyfish, and they are the only turtle that lacks claws on the flippers.

The way that sea turtle nests are very similar to each other, some species like loggerheads and green turtle are easier to track. Loggerhead track is 70 to 90 cm wide and very deep, with asymmetrically diagonal marks make by forelimbs, tail drag mark in the sand.  The difference from the green turtle is that her track is wider; it can be 100 to 130cm with symmetric diagonal marks, and her tail dragging a broken line.

Leatherbacks reach maturity between 6 and 10 years of age (FWS, 2005). At this time, reproduction can begin. Every 2 to 3 years after maturity a female will return to her natal beach and lay 1 to 11 clutches of 50 to 100 eggs. (RMTCST 1999) On average, the nesting female will return to that beach every 9 to 10 days to lay each clutch. (FWS, 2004) The nesting period here in Broward country   is between March and June. This process takes about 2 hours from the time each female emerges from the ocean. She will crawl up the beach to dry sand, preferably close to deep water, and start digging a hole approximately 3 feet deep with her rear flippers and a shallow body pit with her front flippers. Then, she will deposit her clutch in the hole; cover it with sand making sure it is firmly packed over her eggs. Lastly, she makes her way back out to sea. Unfortunately, this arduous task is not increasing the leatherback population.

There are many factors that play against the hatchlings survival, many of them never even get to the water after their 55 to 75 day incubation period (FWS, 2005), and often they never even hatch. These threats will be discussed later.
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The students ofNovaUniversityin Broward County Florida have set up a conservation program to help protect the nesting season of this endangered species.

Since adult sea turtles do not nurture their hatchlings, the females never see their nest again. Volunteers from the Broward County Conservation Team are able to move the eggs to a safer chamber, incubation area or fenced hatchery.  The incubation period takes about 45 – 55 days, When the hatchlings do emerge, it us mainly at night and in groups.
Babies of sea turtles turn in "orientation circles" as they head for the sea, as do the adults. There are mainly two theories as to how the hatchlings are able to find the sea. Some scientists feel that the turtles discriminate the light intensities and head for the greater light intensity of the open horizon. Others think they have an internal compass, which they use to navigate away from the shore and into the sea.

The hatchlings are about 2 ¼ inches in carapace length and 446 grams in weight and are similar to adults in appearance, though the fore flippers are proportionally longer and both shell and skin are covered with small scales. These scales are lost in a couple of months. Once they reach the surf, the babies dive into a wave and ride the undertow out to sea. Many terrestrial and ocean predators devour the hatchlings, for it is thought that only between 2-5% survive their first few days of life and only. Once reaching the water, the turtles undergo a 24-48 % reach maturity. Once reaching the water, the turtles undergo a 24-48 hour "swim frenzy" of continuous swimming. They strive for the deeper water where they are less vulnerable and have been seen to dive straight down to avoid bird predation. The first year of the turtle’s life is called the "lost year" because we are not sure what they do or where they go. They believe that they ride the prevailing currents, situating themselves in the floating seaweed called drift lines, which are rich in food and provide hiding places for the juvenile turtles. They spend their first years in an oceanic existence before coming to coastal shores. If they can make it past the juvenile stage, they enjoy about an 80% or more survival rate. There is no known way to determine their age, though.

In order to examine the impact of ecology for sea turtle protection, sea turtle conservation workers determine the spatial dynamics of sea turtles by the population nesting each season on the beaches. Tracking is particularly useful in studying turtles at the nesting beach. Each volunteer identifies how many numbers of clutches are laid each season if this is known.  Beach surveys that only include nest counts can be used to estimate the number of females. However, colleting data on nest contents can help identify problems during the hatching.

The major problems on the beaches are local residents and the artificial lights. The lights will disorient the hatchlings and they will travel in the wrong direction. The risks that sea turtles are facing are tremendous. All three surviving species are endangered and threatened throughout most of their regions.  Most of the risks facing these majestic creatures are human induced such as results of human population growth, habitat loss, toxins, pollution, predation and other environmental risks. Human population growth is destroying sea turtle habitats, both feeding and nesting grounds. Coastal areas in theUSand around the world are important places for sea turtle nesting, but Over-developed coastal areas have reduced natural nesting habitats. (STCP 2005) Therefore, coastal development and other factors such as erosion of beaches are resulting in habitat loss for all sea turtle species.

More over, a recent study shows that there are diseases emerging from wildlife populations similar to that of humans. This relates to the emerging disease fibropapillomatosis (EHI 1995). The source of this tumor causing disease has not yet been identified. The green sea turtles can be added to a long list of species that have become susceptible to various types of pathogens because of environmental change. Two types of pollution are affecting turtle populations: regular everyday pollution such as litter, and ecological light pollution. Pollution affects sea turtles just as it does any other organism, one specific example is as follows: Leatherbacks eat many jellyfish, in fact, juveniles must eat their weight in jellies everyday to fulfill their needs, and often-plastic bags are discarded into the oceans resembling leatherbacks favorite food. Once the turtle ingests the plastic it causes major problems and even death.

Ecological light pollution is a problem for all turtle species. All of the coastal development on nesting beaches interferes with turtle hatchlings natural ability to make their way to out to sea. When hatchlings emerge from their nests they go toward the lit area, which is typically the ocean because of the moons reflection, but the coastal development is now the area and hatchlings are losing their orientation.

Sea turtle predation has lessened in recent years due to conservation efforts. There are not as many poachers for the turtle eggs as there have been in the past nor are the turtles being slaughtered for food as they once were. Nevertheless, natural predators still exist, not really for adult turtles that can typically out swim their one marine predator, the shark, but for the turtle eggs and hatchlings. Animals such as raccoons and dogs will find nests and consume the eggs if the hatchlings leave the nest at the wrong time they run into hungry birds. Although, it is important to remember that humans are effecting sea turtles more than anything else, because, after all, the sea turtles have been around for over 200 million years and are now on the brink of extinction for one reason: us.

Environmental risks are also a contributing factor for these populations. One example, climate change and potential impacts could significantly effect sea turtle populations because of temperature dependent sex determination. Sex of sea turtles is dependent upon the temperature at the time. For example, the eggs near the center of the nest typically develop at a higher temperature, thus they tend to be female, whereas those near the outside develop at a lower temperature, and thus they tend to be male. Males develop at lower temperatures around 82 degrees and females develop at higher temperatures around 86 degrees. (MTN 2005)

There are many conservation efforts taking place to aid in the protection of these magical creatures here inFlorida. There are protection measures happening in different areas of the world, most notablyCosta Rica. One important sea turtle conservation site is Broward Country Sea Turtle conservation. The important goal of this organization is protect the nesting beaches by working day and night. By involving communities in the act of conservation, there has been a tremendous success. No longer are the eggs being poached by the people, but instead are being protected by them. There are many other conservation organizations and projects in place to save the last of the great sea turtles. If more people do not become aware and involved with the conservation efforts sea turtles could face the same fate as their distant reptilian friends, the dinosaurs.

<p align="left" style="line-height:.5"><strong>References:</strong>

1.Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Mitchell, L. G., Biology, 6th Edition Benjamin
Cummings 2002

2. Florida Fish Wildlife Conservation Commission, Office of Environmental Services,  Bureau of protected Species Management (information on conservation and management of sea turtles inFlorida)

<a href="http://floridaconservation.org/psm/turtles/turtle.htm">http://floridaconservation.org/psm/turtles/turtle.htm</a>

3. Marine Turtle Newsletter (primary research/news regarding biology and conservation of sea turtles)

<a href="http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn">http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn</a>

4. Broward County Florida-Biological Resources Division. (n.d.)

Sea turtle conservation program. Retrieved July 1, 2005, 2005 from

<a href="http://www.co.broward.fl.us/">http://www.co.broward.fl.us/</a>

5. Monte, Basgall. “Measuring Sea Turtle Casualties by Loglines Fishing”

DukeUniversity. Tuesday, March 9, 2004

<a href="http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2004/03/seaturtle_0304.html">http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2004/03/seaturtle_0304.html</a>

6. Research and Management Techniques for the conservation of sea turtles 1999.(Eds.                      K.L. Eckert,K.A. Bjorndal, F.A. Alberto Abreu-Grobosis, M. Donnelly). IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group Special Publication No.4

<span style="text-decoration: underline;">http://www.atree.org/census_manual.pdf</span>

</p>