<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>CHEMICAL PAVEMENT STABILISATION</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Renolith® Polymer Performance in Extreme Climatic Conditions</strong></p>
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Background</span></strong>

<strong>Pavement systems become inherently unstable when water is introduced into the system. When water is introduced, pavement systems change and these changing conditions create variable and permanent reaction.  Changes in the moisture content within a pavement system are the root cause of most pavement damage. In all regions, high moisture content weakens the pavement’s structural system from damage due to pore water. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">In cold regions, the effect of freezing and thawing water in pavement systems are severe, and cause rapid pavement deterioration.</span></strong>

<strong>In regions plagued with moisture sensitive soils, the change in moisture content causes dramatic weakening, or expansion and contraction, causing additional pavement damage within the structural layers. Variable loading of saturated sections creates a pumping action within the pavement aggregate layers, causing migration of fine particles from the un-bound aggregate matrix. <i>See Fig. 1 and 2</i></strong>

<strong>Research indicates that in most roads, the primary source of water in pavement sections is from precipitation that has infiltrated through the pavement surface, and the capillary action of rising ground water.  One partial solution is to place a moisture collection system within the pavement layers to drain water from the pavement.  However, drainage systems are often ineffective long-term because of clogging of the system from fine particle migration.</strong>

<strong>Pavement problems related to drying, or changes in moisture content, have traditionally been addressed by removing the moisture sensitive soils or again, by controlling excessive moisture content through drainage.   These methods of mitigation are expensive or have limited success, and thus are often not considered effective, long-term solutions.</strong>

<strong>The use of moisture barriers placed below, around or within the pavement structure, may be effective in maintaining stability within moisture-sensitive soils by keeping them at constant moisture content, but again, these are very expensive systems.</strong>

<strong>The use of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">chemical stabilisation</span> is very well documented. The main function of this technique is to reduce permeability, while maintaining strength during wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles throughout the chemically treated section.   In pavement structures the goal is essentially to effectively limit the moisture in order to reduce moisture-related pavement damage, and to maintain the design strength.</strong>

<strong>The maintenance costs associated with wet-dry or freeze-thaw cycles and structural pavement damage due to poor drainage are significant.</strong>

<strong>Case studies have revealed that one or more of the following factors contribute to moisture-related damage to pavements:-</strong>
<ul>
	<li><strong>Moisture-sensitive Subgrade Soils</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Poor quality aggregate</strong></li>
	<li><strong>High Air-void content combined with ample sources of water</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Poor pavement design and inappropriate structural design</strong></li>
</ul>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong>Figure 1  Sources of Moisture in Pavement Systems</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Geotechnical Engineering Division</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></strong>

<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></strong>

<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></strong>

<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></strong>
<p align="center"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Development of Stabilised Pavement</span></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong>The problems related to stability of conventional road pavement construction lead to extensive research into, and the eventual adoption of cementitiously stabilised pavements.</strong>

<strong>Considerable research and development over many years conducted principally in North America and also Europe lead to the adoption of stabilised pavement construction using cement, lime or fly-ash, and most road construction, particularly in the northern hemisphere now uses a cement-based stabilised pavement method of construction.</strong>

<strong>Today, stabilised sub-bases generally refer to those materials  that are bound by either cement or asphalt binders, and include:</strong>
<ul>
	<li><strong>Cement-stabilised sub-bases (CTB);</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Lean concrete sub-bases (LCB) (both of which may include fly-ash and/or slag); and</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Asphalt treated sub-bases (ATB).</strong></li>
</ul>
<strong>The primary benefit of stabilised sub-bases is that they provide relatively strong, uniform support and are resistant to erosion (pumping).</strong>

<strong>Compared to unstabilised sub-bases, stabilised sub-bases provide a higher degree of support to the pavement.  While this does not always appreciably alter the required pavement slab thickness for a given load, it does strengthen the overall pavement structure.</strong>

<strong>Stabilised sub-bases provide an excellent construction platform for constructing the finished pavement. The bound sub-base surface drains water quickly, providing an all-weather construction platform that expedites work after rainfall. Stabilised sub-bases also aid in improving the final pavement smoothness because they provide firm, stable support for the final paving layer.</strong>

<strong>Other benefits of stabilised sub-bases include:-</strong>
<ul>
	<li><strong>Minimising post-construction consolidation under traffic;</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Providing a more erosion-resistant sub-base material;</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Permitting greater use of local materials, sub-standard aggregates and recycled materials , (e.g. reclaimed old broken asphalt)</strong></li>
</ul>
<strong>All of which conserves the consumption of aggregates, resulting in savings in material and hauling costs, and the carbon footprint related to winning aggregates and transport.</strong>

<strong>Cement- stabilised pavements are now seen to be constructed world-wide as an accepted modern road building technology.</strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></strong>

<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></strong>

<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Development of the Combined Cement and Polymer Stabilisation</span></strong>

<strong>Ongoing research on road pavement design lead in the 1990’s to the development of polymers for use in conjunction with Portland cement for the superior stabilisation of pavements.</strong>

<strong>Foremost among these is the Renolith® patented polymer, which has been extensively used world-wide to achieve stabilised pavements with greater tensile strength than reinforced concrete.</strong>

<strong>Use of Renolith® when mixed well with cement and the in-situ soil creates an exothermic reaction which enables:-</strong>
<ul>
	<li><strong>Shorter construction time;</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Elimination of air voids in the pavement sub-base, thus considerably reducing moisture content of the sub-base;</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Substantial reduction in use of quarried aggregates material;</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Reduced pumping of fines in the sub-base;</strong></li>
	<li><strong>Lesser impact of freeze–thaw heave and slump in extreme climatic variation.</strong></li>
</ul>
<strong><i>See Fig. 3 to 6</i></strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong>The resulting pavement constructed using Renolith® and cement stabilisation has been welcomed as the answer to the traditional problems of pavement damage due to excessive moisture erosion and the expansive and contractive road base movement due to variations in seasonal climate from -zeroºC to over 40ºC.</strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong>One example of the success of this technology is the Snowy Mountain Highway in Tumut Shire, New South Wales, Australia.</strong>

<strong>Constructed in 2007, this highway runs to elevations of between 700m and 800m above sea level, and is subject to annual temperature variation from more than -7ºC during winter snow fall, to over 40ºC in peak summer periods.</strong>

<strong><i>See Report of Snowy Works and Services of Tumut Shire.</i></strong>

<strong><i> </i></strong>

<strong>Other roads successfully built using Renolith® in widely fluctuating annual temperature ranges, include the Shannon Highway in County Cork, Ireland, and the A19 in Centre Val de Loire, France.</strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>MOISTURE EFFECT ON PAVEMENT LIFE CYCLE</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Figure 2.</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>State of California Transportation and Roading Agency, Dept. of Transportation</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>ANNUAL CLIMATE DATA</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>County Cork, Ireland</strong></p>

<table width="827" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" width="827">
<p align="center"><strong>Climate data for Cork Airport 1981–2010</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Month</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Jan</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Feb</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Mar</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Apr</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>May</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Jun</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Jul</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Aug</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Sep</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Oct</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Nov</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Dec</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>Year</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Record high °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>16.1</strong>
<strong> (61.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>14.0</strong>
<strong> (57.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>15.7</strong>
<strong> (60.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>21.2</strong>
<strong> (70.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>23.6</strong>
<strong> (74.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>27.5</strong>
<strong> (81.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>28.7</strong>
<strong> (83.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>28.0</strong>
<strong> (82.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>24.7</strong>
<strong> (76.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>21.4</strong>
<strong> (70.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>16.2</strong>
<strong> (61.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>13.8</strong>
<strong> (56.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>28.7</strong>
<strong> (83.7)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Average high °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>8.2</strong>
<strong> (46.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>8.3</strong>
<strong> (46.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>9.9</strong>
<strong> (49.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>11.8</strong>
<strong> (53.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>14.4</strong>
<strong> (57.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>17.0</strong>
<strong> (62.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>18.7</strong>
<strong> (65.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>18.5</strong>
<strong> (65.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>16.5</strong>
<strong> (61.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>13.2</strong>
<strong> (55.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10.3</strong>
<strong> (50.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>8.5</strong>
<strong> (47.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>12.9</strong>
<strong> (55.2)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Daily mean °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>5.6</strong>
<strong> (42.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>5.7</strong>
<strong> (42.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>6.9</strong>
<strong> (44.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>8.4</strong>
<strong> (47.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10.9</strong>
<strong> (51.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>13.5</strong>
<strong> (56.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>15.3</strong>
<strong> (59.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>15.2</strong>
<strong> (59.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>13.3</strong>
<strong> (55.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10.5</strong>
<strong> (50.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>7.8</strong>
<strong> (46.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>6.1</strong>
<strong> (43.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>9.9</strong>
<strong> (49.8)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Average low °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>3.0</strong>
<strong> (37.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>3.1</strong>
<strong> (37.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>4.0</strong>
<strong> (39.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>4.9</strong>
<strong> (40.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>7.4</strong>
<strong> (45.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10.2</strong>
<strong> (50.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>11.8</strong>
<strong> (53.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>11.8</strong>
<strong> (53.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10.2</strong>
<strong> (50.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>7.7</strong>
<strong> (45.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>5.2</strong>
<strong> (41.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>3.7</strong>
<strong> (38.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>6.9</strong>
<strong> (44.4)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Record low °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−8.5</strong>
<strong> (16.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−8.6</strong>
<strong> (16.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−6.1</strong>
<strong> (21.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−2.4</strong>
<strong> (27.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−0.9</strong>
<strong> (30.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>2.4</strong>
<strong> (36.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>4.8</strong>
<strong> (40.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>4.9</strong>
<strong> (40.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>2.3</strong>
<strong> (36.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−0.4</strong>
<strong> (31.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−3.3</strong>
<strong> (26.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−7.2</strong>
<strong> (19.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>−8.6</strong>
<strong> (16.5)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong><a title="Precipitation (meteorology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)">Precipitation</a> mm (inches)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>131.4</strong>
<strong> (5.173)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>97.8</strong>
<strong> (3.85)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>97.6</strong>
<strong> (3.843)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>76.5</strong>
<strong> (3.012)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>82.3</strong>
<strong> (3.24)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>80.9</strong>
<strong> (3.185)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>78.8</strong>
<strong> (3.102)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>96.8</strong>
<strong> (3.811)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>94.6</strong>
<strong> (3.724)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>138.2</strong>
<strong> (5.441)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>120.0</strong>
<strong> (4.724)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>133.1</strong>
<strong> (5.24)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>1,227.9</strong>
<strong> (48.343)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>% <a title="Humidity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity">humidity</a></strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>90</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>89</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>88</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>83</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>81</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>81</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>83</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>85</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>88</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>90</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>91</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>91</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>86.7</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>16</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>13</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>14</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>11</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>12</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>11</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>11</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>15</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>14</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>15</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>152</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="155">
<p align="center"><strong>Mean monthly sunshine hours</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>55.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>67.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>102.3</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>159.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>192.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>174.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>167.4</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>161.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>129.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>93</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>69</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>52.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="120">
<p align="center"><strong>1,423.4</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" width="827">
<p align="center"><strong><i>Source: </i><a href="http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/1981-2010/cork.html"><i>[1]</i></a></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Orleans, Departement Centre Val de Loire, France</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table width="898" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" width="898">
<p align="center"><strong>Climate data for Orléans</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="227">
<p align="center"><strong>Month</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Jan</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Feb</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Mar</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Apr</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>May</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Jun</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Jul</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Aug</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Sep</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Oct</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Nov</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>Dec</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="71">
<p align="center"><strong>Year</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="227">
<p align="center"><strong>Average high °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>6.4</strong>
<strong> (43.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>7.9</strong>
<strong> (46.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>11.6</strong>
<strong> (52.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>14.4</strong>
<strong> (57.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>18.6</strong>
<strong> (65.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>21.7</strong>
<strong> (71.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>24.8</strong>
<strong> (76.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>25.0</strong>
<strong> (77.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>21.1</strong>
<strong> (70.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>15.9</strong>
<strong> (60.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>10.1</strong>
<strong> (50.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>7.2</strong>
<strong> (45.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="71">
<p align="center"><strong>15.4</strong>
<strong> (59.7)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="227">
<p align="center"><strong>Average low °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>0.9</strong>
<strong> (33.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>1.1</strong>
<strong> (34.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>2.8</strong>
<strong> (37.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>4.4</strong>
<strong> (39.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>8.3</strong>
<strong> (46.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>11.0</strong>
<strong> (51.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>13.1</strong>
<strong> (55.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>12.9</strong>
<strong> (55.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>10.3</strong>
<strong> (50.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>7.4</strong>
<strong> (45.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>3.5</strong>
<strong> (38.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>2.0</strong>
<strong> (35.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="71">
<p align="center"><strong>6.5</strong>
<strong> (43.7)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="227">
<p align="center"><strong><a title="Precipitation (meteorology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)">Precipitation</a> mm (inches)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>52</strong>
<strong> (2.05)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>50</strong>
<strong> (1.97)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>47</strong>
<strong> (1.85)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>49</strong>
<strong> (1.93)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>67</strong>
<strong> (2.64)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>45</strong>
<strong> (1.77)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>54</strong>
<strong> (2.13)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>40</strong>
<strong> (1.57)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>56</strong>
<strong> (2.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>62</strong>
<strong> (2.44)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>56</strong>
<strong> (2.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>58</strong>
<strong> (2.28)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="71">
<p align="center"><strong>636</strong>
<strong> (25.04)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="227">
<p align="center"><strong>Mean monthly sunshine hours</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>65</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>88</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>136</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>160</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>211</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>195</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>217</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>237</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>166</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>113</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>73</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="50">
<p align="center"><strong>49</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="71">
<p align="center"><strong>1,710</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" width="898">
<p align="center"><strong><i>Source: Météo France</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans#cite_note-mf-0"><sup>[1]</sup></a></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Tumut, NSW, Australia (Lowest point Snowy Mountain Highway)</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table summary="Summary climate statistics for the selected Bureau of Meteorologe site. Columns contain monthly and annual statistics for various climate elements, as well as supporting information. Some formatting code is included for printing" width="88%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" width="44%"><strong>tatistics</strong></td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Jan</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Feb</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Mar</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Apr</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>May</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Jun</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Jul</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Aug</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Sep</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Oct</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Nov</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="center"><strong>Dec</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="center"><strong>Annual</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="6%">
<p align="center"><strong>Years</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="23" width="98%"><strong>Temperature</strong></td>
<td width="0%">
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="39%"><strong><a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionstemp.shtml#meanmaxtemp">Mean maximum temperature (°C)</a></strong></td>
<td width="5%">
<p align="right"><strong>30.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>29.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>27.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>22.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>16.6</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>13.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>12.5</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>13.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>17.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>20.3</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>23.3</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>27.9</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>21.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="2%">
<p align="right"><strong>16</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>1951</strong>
<strong> 1975</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="39%"><strong><a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionstemp.shtml#meanmintemp">Mean minimum temperature (°C)</a></strong></td>
<td width="5%">
<p align="right"><strong>12.6</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>13.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>9.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>6.5</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>3.5</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>1.4</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>0.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>2.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>4.1</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>6.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>8.1</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>10.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>6.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="2%">
<p align="right"><strong>16</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>1951</strong>
<strong> 1975</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="23" width="98%"><strong>Rainfall</strong></td>
<td width="0%">
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="39%"><strong><a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionsrain.shtml#meanrainfall">Mean rainfall (mm)</a></strong></td>
<td width="5%">
<p align="right"><strong>63.6</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>46.1</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>61.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>73.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>87.4</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>69.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>94.1</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>99.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>81.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>99.5</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>68.9</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>63.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>906.3</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="2%">
<p align="right"><strong>25</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>1951</strong>
<strong> 1977</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="39%"><strong><a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionsrain.shtml#decile5rainfall">Decile 5 (median) rainfall (mm)</a></strong></td>
<td width="5%">
<p align="right"><strong>52.1</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>44.6</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>46.5</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>54.3</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>80.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>62.9</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>90.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>93.1</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>72.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>97.1</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>62.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>60.3</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>965.5</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="2%">
<p align="right"><strong>25</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>1951</strong>
<strong> 1977</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="39%"><strong><a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionsrain.shtml#daysofrain">Mean number of days of rain ≥ 1 mm</a></strong></td>
<td width="5%">
<p align="right"><strong>4.7</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>4.3</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>4.9</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>6.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>9.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>9.2</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>10.4</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>12.0</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>9.4</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>9.9</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>6.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="3%">
<p align="right"><strong>5.8</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>92.6</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="2%">
<p align="right"><strong>25</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="4%">
<p align="right"><strong>1951</strong>
<strong> 1977</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="0%"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="128"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="40"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="36"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="5"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="30"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="11"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="24"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="16"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="18"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="22"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="13"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="27"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="8"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="2"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="40"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="40"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="40"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="40"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="40"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="50"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="25"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="45"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="8"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="6"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Charlotte Pass, NSW, Australia (Snowy Mountain Highway)</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table width="1040" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" width="1040">
<p align="center"><strong>Climate data for <a title="Charlotte Pass" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Pass">Charlotte Pass</a></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="229">
<p align="center"><strong>Month</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Jan</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Feb</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Mar</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Apr</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>May</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Jun</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Jul</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Aug</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Sep</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Oct</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Nov</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>Dec</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="168">
<p align="center"><strong>Year</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="229">
<p align="center"><strong>Record high °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>29.7</strong>
<strong> (85.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>28.0</strong>
<strong> (82.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>24.5</strong>
<strong> (76.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>19.8</strong>
<strong> (67.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>16.2</strong>
<strong> (61.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>12.3</strong>
<strong> (54.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>9.0</strong>
<strong> (48.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>11.1</strong>
<strong> (52.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>15.6</strong>
<strong> (60.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>20.5</strong>
<strong> (68.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>28.3</strong>
<strong> (82.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>33.5</strong>
<strong> (92.3)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="168">
<p align="center"><strong>33.5</strong>
<strong> (92.3)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="229">
<p align="center"><strong>Average high °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>17.6</strong>
<strong> (63.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>17.1</strong>
<strong> (62.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>14.7</strong>
<strong> (58.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>10.4</strong>
<strong> (50.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>6.8</strong>
<strong> (44.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>3.2</strong>
<strong> (37.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>1.9</strong>
<strong> (35.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>2.6</strong>
<strong> (36.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>5.0</strong>
<strong> (41.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>9.1</strong>
<strong> (48.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>12.5</strong>
<strong> (54.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>15.5</strong>
<strong> (59.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="168">
<p align="center"><strong>9.7</strong>
<strong> (49.5)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="229">
<p align="center"><strong>Average low °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>5.1</strong>
<strong> (41.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>4.8</strong>
<strong> (40.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>2.5</strong>
<strong> (36.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−0.5</strong>
<strong> (31.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−2.7</strong>
<strong> (27.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−5.1</strong>
<strong> (22.8)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−6.6</strong>
<strong> (20.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−5.7</strong>
<strong> (21.7)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−3.3</strong>
<strong> (26.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−0.6</strong>
<strong> (30.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>1.8</strong>
<strong> (35.2)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>3.6</strong>
<strong> (38.5)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="168">
<p align="center"><strong>−0.6</strong>
<strong> (30.9)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="229">
<p align="center"><strong>Record low °C (°F)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−5.6</strong>
<strong> (21.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−5.5</strong>
<strong> (22.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−6.7</strong>
<strong> (19.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−13</strong>
<strong> (8.6)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−13.4</strong>
<strong> (7.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−23</strong>
<strong> (−9.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−20</strong>
<strong> (−4.0)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−20.6</strong>
<strong> (−5.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−16.7</strong>
<strong> (1.9)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−12</strong>
<strong> (10.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−9.4</strong>
<strong> (15.1)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>−7</strong>
<strong> (19.4)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="168">
<p align="center"><strong>−23</strong>
<strong> (−9.4)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="229">
<p align="center"><strong><a title="Precipitation (meteorology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)">Precipitation</a> mm (inches)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>127.9</strong>
<strong> (5.035)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>127.3</strong>
<strong> (5.012)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>132.5</strong>
<strong> (5.217)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>154.3</strong>
<strong> (6.075)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>184.8</strong>
<strong> (7.276)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>185.8</strong>
<strong> (7.315)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>191.2</strong>
<strong> (7.528)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>207.1</strong>
<strong> (8.154)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>192.1</strong>
<strong> (7.563)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>216.5</strong>
<strong> (8.524)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>191.5</strong>
<strong> (7.539)</strong></p>
</td>
<td>
<p align="center"><strong>154.3</strong>
<strong> (6.075)</strong></p>
</td>
<td width="168">
<p align="center"><strong>2,055.4</strong>
<strong> (80.921)</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Figure 3.  Effect of Water on Conventional Road Base</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="142" height="206"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="252"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="421"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="286"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="393"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="20"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="93"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="421" height="93">
<table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<p align="center"><strong>Capillary action from</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Rising water table</strong></p>

</div></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
&nbsp;
<p align="center"><strong>Figure 4.  Effect of Freezing &amp; Thawing Temperatures</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>on Conventional Road Base</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="225" height="11"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="51"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="41"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="38"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="34"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="33"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="36"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="34"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="33"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="35"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="40"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="33"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="34"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="34"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="33"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="51"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="299"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="21" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="52"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="9"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="113"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
&nbsp;
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="260" height="66"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="153"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="396"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="142"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="63"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="111"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="46"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="396" height="46">
<table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<p align="center"><strong>Continuing capillary action feeding ice lense</strong></p>

</div></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
&nbsp;
<p align="center"><strong>Figure 5. Effect of Water on RENOLITH® Stabilised Road Bas</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="9" height="190"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="201"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="60"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="26"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="29"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="18"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="48"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="30"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="35"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="251"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="49"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="32"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="19"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="29"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="38"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="60"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="18"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="63"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="166"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="340"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="19" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="10"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="15"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="5"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="10" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="6"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="9"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="11"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="13"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="88"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="90"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="111" height="912"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<strong> </strong>

&nbsp;
<p align="center"><strong>Figure 6. Effect of Freezing &amp; Thawing Temperatures</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>on RENOLITH® Stabilised Road Base</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="141" height="56"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="305"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="396"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="124"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="17"><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="69"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="337"><strong> </strong></td>
<td rowspan="3" colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="46"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="46"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="10"><strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="44"><strong> </strong></td>
<td><strong> </strong></td>
<td width="396" height="44">
<table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<p align="center"><strong>Continuing capillary action feeding ice lense</strong></p>

</div></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<strong> </strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

&nbsp;
<p align="center"><strong>Snowy Mountain Highway after 4 years of Freeze-Thaw annual conditions</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<strong> </strong>

<strong> </strong>

<strong>References:</strong>

<strong>Effects of Freeze-Thaw Parameters on the Durability of Stabilised Materials, B.J. Dempsey and M.R. Thompson 1973, University of Illinois with State of Illinois Department of Transportation &amp; US Federal Highway Administration.</strong>

<strong>Stabilised Pavements for ALRS Summary Report, by Marshall R. Thompson and Robert R. Costigan, 1985, Engineering &amp; Services Laboratory, Air Force Engineering &amp; Services Centre, Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.</strong>

<strong>Effect of Design, Construction and Environmental Factors for Long-Term Performance of Stabilised Materials, APRG Technical Note 12, Australian Stabilisation Industry Association, and Austroads.</strong>

<strong>Chemically Stabilised Pavement Section as Moisture Barrier, State of California  Transportation and Highways Agency, Department of Transportation</strong>

<strong>Freeze-Thaw Cycling Effect on Cementitiously Stabilised Materials, Zhipeng  Zu et ors, Dept. Geological Engineering, University of Wisconsin September 2012</strong>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>©Copyright 2012 NRG Technology International Limited</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>